Last Updated on January 31, 2023 by Andre Panagos M.D.
Sitting all day is hard on your body. There are dangers in sitting for long periods of time. Although most people believe it can increase your risk for back pain, few people realize that it can also promote increased risk of developing heart disease, insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes and early death. To prevent this type of sedentary lifestyle, you should break up your activity throughout the day alternating between standing with periodic sitting. Unfortunately, regular intense exercise will not help you recover from the negative effects of prolonged sitting. I should know as I was co-director of the Spine Center at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and I was also developing medical problems until I changed my relationship with my chair.
The classic cycle of sitting
People tend to fidget while sitting after several minutes, changing their posture until there is no remaining comfortable posture, at which point they get up. When you first sit on a chair, you tend to recline on the back rest. Over time you develop a slouch onto your lower back and sit on your sacral bone at the bottom of the spine instead of the ischial tuberosities or “sit bones”. This poor posture results in a c-shaped spine which is uncomfortable and also compresses the lungs, stomach and intestines. This posture also puts an additional strain on the discs, muscles and ligaments of your spine.
When the strain becomes intolerable, you will then perch on the edge of the chair but this quickly becomes fatiguing so you will scoot back in the seat and use the back support again. Eventually you will slide down and restart the whole cycle over again until you are so uncomfortable that you stand up. The muscles of your spine never relax at any point during this entire cycle as you never encounter a stable position. Eventually you will need to stand or lie down to fully relax the muscles of the spine. This process makes it virtually impossible to design the perfect office chair. Zero-gravity type recliners are the closest chair that provides stable support, but it is difficult to use in an office setting.
Comfortable standing and sitting to reverse the dangers of sitting
With quiet standing, studies have shown that the only muscles that are active are the calf muscles so it is a position of relaxation of the spinal muscles as is lying down. With active standing there is constant muscle activity which is important for overall health. Your weight should be distributed though the bones and not the flesh (Cranz, 1998), as the bones can take a compressive load whereas the muscles and ligaments begin to fatigue with long periods of inactivity.
Sitting is hard work because chairs inhibit our usual comfortable movements when instead they should accommodate our movement so commonplace seating surfaces have become a major unaddressed health problem. With prolonged sitting in modern developed countries, we have lost the flexibility required to squat comfortably which some researchers believe it is a more comfortable work position (Cranz, 1998).
In early 20th century it was thought that the ankles had to have support, in the same way that we think we need a back support today (Cranz, 1998).
The dangers of sitting in the modern office space
Robert Propst at Herman Miller wanted to design the perfect office in 1958. His goal was to improve the efficiency of the office by removing every motion or wasted second and to encourage chance encounters which are thought to fuel creativity. He believed in a porous work space with plenty of places for impromptu meetings. He called his creation the “Action Office”.
Propst reviewed the medical studies and insurance data at the time which confirmed the dangers of sitting so he also designed standing desks but they never caught on with his clients. He invented the standing desk which was an offshoot of clerks desks in the 1800s but people were more interested in sitting (Engelhart, 2014).
The renewed interest in office ergonomics is a return to the past when most office workers stood and sitting was considered lazy (Lohr, 2012). Michelangelo, Winston Churchill, Benjamin Franklin, Vladimir Nabokov and Ernest Hemingway stood. Leonardo da Vinci used a standing desk and Thomas Jefferson designed his own (Bennett, 2012) People have begun to realize the dangers of sitting and the global health implications are enormous. It is not considered a niche market anymore although when I speak to patients, they are usually surprised by my suggestion that their office chair is causing spine or other medical problems.
The moving offices
Technology companies such as Google, Facebook , and Twitter have been ahead of the trend giving their employees ready access to adjustable standing workstations. The office furniture maker Steelcase has found sales of its stand-up desks are growing faster than for their conventional desks (Bennett, 2012).
During the workday, you may feel very active, but stop and think about your daily activities. For most people, movement is for shifting a lot of time from one seat to another; from the car to work to home which is repeated day after day making the citizens of the developed world the most sedentary humans in the history of the world. You may spend 12 hours a day seated with an additional seven hours of sleeping which equals 19 hours of sedentary activity. Yet our bodies need constant, nearly imperceptible muscle activity to maintain normal function (Calorie, 2013), so regular exercise several times a week may not be enough.
Productivity
Financial gains due to increased productivity and decreased absenteeism could offset the costs of an adjustable standing desk, but are realized over the longer-term, so this is not a justification for many organizations to replace the sedentary office environment (Mackenzie, 2015).
Research demonstrates decreased productivity with uninterrupted standing and the same may be true for uninterrupted sitting. In 2014, Dan Kois, a writer for New York Magazine decided to live for one month without sitting which required novel approaches to normal activities such as driving and he found the whole process very disrupting (Kois, 2014).
Unfortunately, when the novelty of a standing desk wears off, office workers tend to remain seated (Lunau, 2013).
The landmark study that surprised everyone about the dangers of sitting
The London Transport Worker’s Study was the ground breaking study demonstrating the dangers of sitting. It was published in 1953 by medical journal Lancet and initially, the study was met with disbelief because no one thought exercise could keep people from dying. Even the authors of the study delayed publication for several years allowing experts to review the results before publication. The study demonstrated that bus conductors who walked around the bus had about half the risk of developing heart disease compared with bus drivers who sat all day (Morris, 1953).
Specifically, the conductors ascended and descended 500 to 750 steps per work day and were half as likely as the drivers to die of a sudden heart attack. Postmen also had lower cardiac disease than postal clerks who sat behind the counter.
The study also found that men who reported energetic regular aerobic exercise with sustained rhythmic dynamic contraction and relaxation of large muscles such as with cycling, swimming, fast walking, and jogging demonstrated lower coronary heart disease incidence than comparable men reporting equally energetic and frequent heavy work in the garden, in and around the house, or on the car (Paffenbarger, 2001).
Humans need to move
The study suggests that the human body is made to remain active. Dr. Morris foresaw the rise of coronary artery disease due to the lack of exercise, smoking and poor diets in the western world even in the days before the proliferation of computers. When he saw the results of the study, he stopped smoking and started running for 20 min in the 1960s. At the time, people thought he was crazy.
In that era, lighting of cigarettes was considered moderate-intensity exercise. Dr. Morris lived to nearly 100 and died in 2009. He thought that exercise was universal to health.
Humans need vigorous exercise to protect them from cardiac disease and he advocated public exercise facilities as the cheapest solution for the rapid ascent of coronary artery disease but to no avail (Kuper, 2009).
Research shows the dangers of sitting in disease and premature death
According to the World Health Organization, physical inactivity is the 4th leading risk factor for death worldwide. Your body needs constant low level activity which is promoted by standing.
Minimal energy use is considered different than too little exercise. TV watching is the worst sedentary behavior imaginable, even worse than sitting while typing on a computer. This is due to the fact that your metabolic rate may go below your normal level compounded with commercials that promote unhealthy eating behaviors (Owen, 2012). Compare this energy expenditure with a hunter-gatherer who was constantly active. To match the energy expenditure of a hunter-gatherer would require you to walk an extra 19km per day.
Every hour spent watching television increases your risk of becoming diabetic by 3.4 percent (Rockette-Wagner, 2015).
One small study found on average that for every single hour of TV viewed after the age of 25, the viewer’s life expectancy was reduced by 21.8 (95% UI: 0.3-44.7) minutes (Veerman, 2012).
A person who works out at the gym is still in danger of coronary artery disease or a blood clot known as a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) if they are inactive for the remainder of the day, even with serious strengthening exercise and cardio training.
Dangers of sitting for 6 or more hours
Michael Perko, a professor at UNC-Greensboro believes that if you sit 6 or more hours a day, the health benefits of exercise are eliminated.
“Exercise is not the perfect antidote for sitting.”
Marc Hamilton, an inactivity researcher at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center.
Alpa Patel, an epidemiologist at the American Cancer Society, tracked the health of 123,000 Americans between 1992 and 2006. Men who sat six or more hours had a 20% higher risk of death compared to men who sat for three hours or less. The death rate for women who sat 6+ hours was 40% higher (Patel, 2010).
David Dunstan PhD Head of the Physical Activity laboratory at the Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute in Melbourne found the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease rose by 11 percent for each additional hour of television a person sat and watched per day (Dunstan, 2010)
The dangers of sitting can be easily avoided with simply breaking up prolonged periods of sitting with two minutes of walking every 20 minutes made a big difference (Dunstan, 2012).
Christine Friedenreich, a University of Calgary cancer epidemiologist noted in 2010 that sitting was associated with a higher risk of colon cancer as well as other types of cancer such as colorectal, endometrial, ovarian, and prostate, as well as cancer mortality in women (Friedenreich, 2010)
One study suggests that if you sit for more than 11 hours a day, you will have a 40% percent greater risk of dying in the next three years. (Ploeg, 2012) (Glatter, 2013), but no link has been found between standing and premature death (Katzmarzyk, 2014).
Small movements mean a lot
James Levine, a researcher at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn. focuses his research activities on inactivity. He believes the dangers of sitting or excessive sitting are lethal. Overall in his studies, people who do not gain weight were consciously active, a concept he describes as “NEAT”, which stands for Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis. He feels that it is a war against inertia itself, which sickens the mind as well as the body (Vlahos, 2011).
People who walked around for as little as 2 minutes decreased their risk of mortality by 33% compared to people who sat nonstop probably due to weight loss and other metabolic changes (Beddhu, 2015).
The amount of sitting we do in a day outweighs any benefits we get from exercise. Sedentary behaviors can lead to death in cardiovascular disease and cancer as well as increase your risk of diabetes sitting for more than 12 hours a day increase the risk of type II diabetes and 90% (Biswas, 2015).
Sitting is associated with a higher risk of kidney disease (Bharakhada , 2012), and metabolic syndrome (Edwardson, 2012).
Dangers of sitting include DNA changes
Kimberly A Reich PhD in the Muscle Biology and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst found changes in gene expression following 24 hours of inactivity and her team is not sure if these changes are reversible (Reich, 2010).
Telomeres were found to lengthen in those who sat the least in a sense allowing cells to become younger with no correlation based on the amount of exercise that was done, in comparison to those who sat who were found to have shorter telomeres (Sjogren, 2014).
A search of the medical literature in Pubmed.com for prolonged sitting and back pain did not provide any studies concluding that prolonged sitting results in back pain. In observational studies, back pain is thought to be due to lifting, bending and prolonged sitting (Stevens, 2015) or even prolonged sitting and standing, weakness in the legs, regular exercise, and smoking (Bener, 2014) as well as obesity.
Your body is made to move
The general concept is fairly simple. When you sit for long periods of time, your body will work to maximize its efficiency. Part of this process is to deactivate muscles that are not used. In this case it is the large muscles in the legs. This causes about one third of your overall muscle mass to go offline resulting in the accumulation of sugar and fat in the bloodstream. This results in the clogging up of your finely tuned machine. Over time this raises your overall cholesterol (decreased lipoprotein lipase) and blood sugar increasing your risk of developing coronary artery disease and diabetes. Enzymes that burn fat decrease by 90% after an hour of sitting.
This also decreases your metabolic rate to about 1 cal burned per minute or a third of what it would be if you walked around.
Decreased physical activity has been found to activate the genes that promote the development of inflammation, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Standing activates muscles so excess blood glucose is quickly absorbed by the muscles instead of accumulating in the arteries and veins (Thyfault, 2015).
Even simple activates such as fidgeting can have a protective effect to prevent the onset of the dangers of sitting. There was increased mortality seen in the group that reported the lowest level of fidgeting. Some people feel that squirming around is the body’s way of dealing with a transition from super-active lifestyles, such as hunting and gathering by the cavemen to modern sloth-like behavior (Think Jabba the Hutt in Star Wars) (Feltman, 2015).
Children like to move
In children a similar effect happens although children can recover faster. One study by Ali McManus PhD, an associate professor of pediatric exercise physiology at the University of British Columbia in Kelowna found that after a single session of prolonged inactivity for 3 hours, the children developed changes in their blood flow and arteries that in adults would suggest cardiovascular problems. Dr. McManus noted that chairs were as alluring to the young girls as they are to grown-ups and that they were content with movies or an iPad (McManus, 2015; Reynolds, 2015).
In response to the need for children to move, one elementary school in Virginia is trialing pedal desks (Hurford, 2015). Some people feel that a child’s need to move is a normal physiological response to the restrictive nature of a chair and possibly by keeping their muscles moving, children may do better in school.
Varicose veins are common in people who sit, but uncommon in cultures where people sit on the ground (Cranz, 1998).
Even 2 minutes can be helpful (Beddhu, 2015)
John Buckley, a professor of applied exercise science at the University of Chester has commented on the reduction in the risk of developing key chronic diseases in people who stand for more than 2 hours per day.
Some people feel that their arthritis pain actually decreased
Not surprisingly, standing burns one half to one calorie more a minute than sitting. In an eight hour work day that equals 480 additional calories consumed. Sitting more than an hour lowers the levels of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase, which causes calories to be sent to fat stores rather than to muscle, Dr. Hedge said (Reddy, 2015).
Over the course of a year you burn an extra 30,000 calories or 8 lbs per year. This is equivalent to running over 8 marathons per year just by standing for 3-4 hours a day at work (Calorie, 2013).
The Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology released minimum exercise guidelines for all age groups needed to stay healthy .
Top 10 activities at your computer to prevent the dangers of sitting
- To remain active during the day, consider using an adjustable standing desk with periodic breaks of walking and sitting.
- Ask your employer for an adjustable standing desk. Denmark employers are required by law to provide their employees with adjustable desks
- Consider a Treadmill desk. Although they may lower general productivity they can break up the daily routine and keep you moving.
- For every 30 minutes of sitting, you should stand for 8 minutes and stretch for 2 minutes according to Alan Hedge PhD, an ergonomics professor at Cornell University or consider even two minutes of walking every 20 minutes.
- To decrease the pressure on your legs while standing, consider raising one foot on a raised surface or block to allow you to bend your hips and alternately as needed from Jack Callaghan PhD of the University of Waterloo and Don Meredith, a writer (Meredith, 2013)
- Consider including regular aerobic exercise such as cycling, swimming, fast walking, and jogging to keep your muscles in good working order.
- Good posture allows you to feel relaxed and allows you to distribute your weight evenly to the bones decreasing the stress on your muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments.
- While standing remember to keep your shoulders back, with your ears are positioned over your shoulders with your belly button pulled toward your spine.
- Do not let the siren call of dropping your head forward towards the computer screen happen.
- Remember adjustable office desks and chairs come in different sizes and they should be fit appropriately to your frame. Choosing the rich chair can be a very time consuming process as expertly described by Tim Ferris.
Proper sitting posture (When you have to sit)
- Keep hands, wrists and forearms in line as well as parallel to the floor
- Place your chin parallel to the floor and in line with your torso
- Keep your shoulders relaxed with your arms by your side
- Place your elbows close to your body bent approximately 90°
- Keep your feet flat on the floor and if your feet are dangling, use a support to allow your feet to remain flat
- Place your thighs parallel to the floor
- Keep your knees and hips at approximate 90° of flexion
Innovative Ideas to prevent the dangers of sitting
- Consider an activity monitor such as those found on smart phones.
- Consider “Tiny Habits” by BJ Fogg which may allow you to change the small factors in your life that are contributing to your general health. BJ Fogg is a behavior researcher at Stanford who studies how small factors can have a large influence. For example, arising from your chair every hour gives your back a break and allows you to feel looser at the end of the day. (Schulte, 2015)
Additional Resources on the dangers of sitting
http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/cuergoguide.html
http://my.clevelandclinic.org/healthy_living/back_health/hic_posture_for_a_healthy_back.aspx
http://www.beyondtheofficedoor.com/blog/
Standing desk websites
http://www.focaluprightfurniture.com/products/
http://www.bobvila.com/articles/diy-standing-desks/
http://woodwaredesigns.com/rsi/standup.html
http://www.gottabemobile.com/2014/05/27/5-affordable-diy-standing-desks/
http://www.lifehacker.com.au/2015/05/the-best-ikea-standing-desk-hacks/
http://lifehacker.com/five-best-standing-desks
http://www.ergodepot.com/Adjustable_Desks_s/134.htm
http://thewirecutter.com/reviews/best-standing-desk-mat/
https://www.trekdesk.com/trekdesk
Cheap Alternatives To Purchasing A Standing Desk
http://iamnotaprogrammer.com/Ikea-Standing-desk-for-22-dollars.html
http://www.howtogeek.com/100748/15-ideas-to-buy-or-build-your-perfect-standing-desk/
References on the dangers of sitting
Cranz, Galen. The Chair: Rethinking Culture, Body, and Design. New York: W.W. Norton, 1998. Print.
“Designers.” Designer Robert Propst. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. <http://www.hermanmiller.com/designers/propst.html>
Feltman, R.“Fidgeting Might Be Good for Your Health, New Study Suggests.” Washington Post. The Washington Post, n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. <https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2015/09/23/start-fidgeting-at-work-it-might-be-really-good-for-you/>
Fogg, BJ. “Tiny Habits®.” Tiny Habits w/ Dr. BJ Fogg. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. <http://tinyhabits.com/>
Glatter R. “Why Sitting Increases Your Risk of Dying Sooner.” Forbes Magazine, Feb. 2013. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertglatter/2013/02/09/why-sitting-increases-your-risk-of-dying-sooner/
Hurford, M. “Move Over Standing Desks: Kids Learn Better With Pedal Desks.” Bicycling. Sept. 2015. Web. 2 Dec. 2015. <http://www.bicycling.com/training/health-injuries/move-over-standing-desks-kids-learn-better-pedal-desks?cid=soc_bicyclingmag_twitter_bicycling__>
Kois, D. “Sitting Is Bad For You. So I Stopped. For a Whole Month.” NYMag.com. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. <http://nymag.com/health/bestdoctors/2014/sitting-down-2014-6/>
Kuper, S. “The man who invented exercise.” Financial Times Sept. 2009. Web. 1 Dec 2015. <http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e6ff90ea-9da2-11de-9f4a-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3kK8Q3msO>
Lunau, K. “Why Sitting Is a Dangerous Health Threat – Macleans.Ca.” Macleansca. N.p., Aug. 2013. Web. 1 Dec. 2015.< http://www.macleans.ca/society/life/dont-just-sit-there/>
Mackenzie, K.“BMJ Group Blogs.” BJSM blog social medias leading SEM voice RSS. Web. 1 Dec. 2015.
Meredith, D. “Standing Up For Writing.” The Practical Writer. N.p., 2013. Web. 2 Dec. 2015. <https://donwrites.wordpress.com/2013/07/30/standing-up-for-writing/>
“Physical Activity.” WHO. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. http://www.who.int/topics/physical_activity/en/
Reddy, S. “The Price We Pay For Sitting Too Much.” WSJ. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. <http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-price-we-pay-for-sitting-too-much-1443462015>
Reynolds, G.“Sitting Is Bad For Children, Too.” Well Sitting Is Bad for Children Too Comments. N.p., 2015. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. <http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/sitting-is-bad-for-children-too/>
Schulte, B. “How To Build Good Habits – and Actually Make Them Stick.” Washington Post. The Washington Post, n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. <https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/inspired-life/wp/2015/03/02/expert-ten-super-smart-ways-to-build-good-habits-and-make-them-stick/>
Reynolds, G. “Sit Less, Live Longer?” Well Sit Less Live Longer Comments. N.p., 2014. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. <http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/09/17/sit-less-live-longer/>
“Standing Orders.” The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, Oct. 2013. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21583239-real-science-lies-behind-fad-standing-up-work-standing-orders
“Standing Up For Writing.” The Practical Writer. N.p., 2013. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. https://donwrites.wordpress.com/2013/07/30/standing-up-for-writing/
Vlahos, James. “Is Sitting a Lethal Activity?” The New York Times. The New York Times, 2011. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/magazine/mag-17sitting-t.html?_r=5&
